Cardio-respiratory function and oxidative stress biomarkers in Nile tilapia exposed to the organophosphate insecticide trichlorfon (NEGUVON).

The cardio-respiratory function, oxidative stress and fish antioxidants were analyzed in juvenile Nile tilapia exposed for 96 h to a sublethal trichlorfon (TRC-Neguvon, Bayer) concentration of 0.5 mg L(-1). The exposure to TRC induced oxidative stress in the heart, as manifested by the glutathione S-transferase depletion and hydroperoxide elevation, and was the most sensitive organ when compared to the liver and gills, in which the antioxidant mechanisms against TRC exposure were sufficient to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing the increase of lipid peroxidation. TRC exposure also reduced O(2) uptake (V O(2)) and increased the critical oxygen tension (PcO(2)), reducing the species capacity to survive prolonged hypoxic conditions. The heart rate and force contraction were significantly impaired, making the heart the most sensitive organ when exposed to the TRC.