Allelochemical stress causes oxidative damage and inhibition of photosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris.

This study investigated the effects of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, an effective allelochemical on aquatic unicellular algae Chlorella vulgaris at physiological gene transcription level. Exposure to 2.5 mg L(-1) of N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), which were 2.47, 3.24, and 4.27 times higher than that of the control, however, exposure to 4.0 mg L(-1) N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine decreased the activities of these antioxidant enzymes. An increase in malondialdehyde content and a decrease in chlorophyll content following exposure to N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine suggested that the alga was severely damaged and that cell growth was greatly inhibited. Electron microscopy showed that the plasma membrane was detached from the cell wall, the nucleus was condensed, and the structure of chloroplasts was disrupted, in response to N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine exposure. Real-time PCR showed that N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine reduced the transcript abundance of psaB and psbC to 3% and 1% of the control, respectively. These results demonstrated that N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine not only inhibited photosynthesis, but also triggered the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to disrupt the subcellular structure of this aquatic organism.