Beyond immunosuppression - challenges in the clinical management of lupus nephritis.

Lupus nephritis remains the most common severe manifestation of SLE with increased risk of death and end-stage renal disease. Although, recent research has focused on the choice of immunosuppressive in its treatment, other factors, including the quality and delivery of healthcare, the management of glucocorticoids and co-morbidity are probably of more importance. There has been significant progress in induction regimes with the successful use of mycophenolate mofetil, low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide and development of sequential regimens whereby cyclophosphamide is followed by an alternative immunosuppressive. However, the attention on the day-to-day management of lupus nephritis in the clinic has merited less attention. In this article, we aim to address more widely the major issues which are encountered regularly in the long-term management of these patients. The overall goals are the reduction of mortality and preservation of renal function.