The pars intercerebralis as a modulator of locomotor rhythms and feeding in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

It has been shown that in orthopteran insects each of the optic lobes (OLs) contains a circadian pacemaker controlling locomotor activity and that the pars intercerebralis (PI) modifies the activity level. However, the present study showed Period protein-like immunoreactivity (PER-ir) in the PI and dorsolateral protocerebrum (DL) as well as in the OLs in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, which raised the possibility that the PI or DL could be a clock element. Therefore, we removed the PI or DL surgically and observed the effects on locomotor rhythms and feeding behavior. In constant darkness (DD), cockroaches with an ablated PI (PIX-DD) showed arrhythmicity in locomotion and a massive increase in food consumption that led to increased body length and weight, while PIX cockroaches reared under LD 12:12 (PIX-LD) and the sham-treated cockroaches in DD (CNT-DD) showed rhythmicity and no increase in food consumption. Statistical analysis showed that arrhythmicity was not accompanied by hyperactivity, suggesting that the PI is involved in the regulation of locomotor activity and feeding in DD. The activities of alpha-amylase and proteases were found to be markedly elevated in the midgut of PIX-DD cockroaches but not in PIX-LD cockroaches. Taken together, these results indicate that the PI modulates locomotor rhythms and feeding behavior of cockroaches in a light-dependent manner. The PI and the OL may regulate circadian rhythms and feeding via distinct pathways.