Activin-A attenuates several human natural killer cell functions.

Dendritic-cell (DC) and natural killer (NK)-cell interactions are critical in sculpting the adaptive immune response. However, the mechanisms by which DCs down-regulate NK-cell functions are not well understood. NK-cell function is inhibited by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), but DCs do not appear to produce TGF-beta. We have previously shown that activated human DCs produce large amounts of activin-A, a TGF-beta superfamily member, which autoregulates DC function. The present report shows that NK-cells express type I and II activin receptors and that activin-A triggers NK-cell Smad 2/3 signaling. Furthermore, activin-A directly regulates NK cell functions by (1) down-regulating the T-box transcription factor T-bet and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) but not perforin or granzyme mRNA; (2) suppressing NK-cell IFN-gamma production as potently as TGF-beta; and (3) suppressing NK-cell CD25 expression and proliferation and sculpting NK-cell cytokine and chemokine profiles. Interestingly, unlike TGF-beta, activin-A weakly down-regulates the NK-cell natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30 and NKG2D but does not attenuate their cytotoxic function. These findings provide the first evidence for a novel immune regulatory role of activin-A during DC-mediated NK-cell regulation, highlighting the potential of antagonizing activin-A signaling in vivo to enhance NK cell-mediated immune functions and adaptive immunity.