[Infections in hematology and oncology. Epidemiology--diagnosis--risk-adapted antimicrobial treatment--prevention].

Infections are the predominant complications in patients with hematological and oncological diseases undergoing chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. The spectrum of causative pathogens depends on the suppression of granulopoiesis, T-cell immunity or humoral deficiency, so that recommendations for prevention, diagnostic approach and antimicrobial treatment should be specified for each cohort of patients. Following these rules, outcomes of prophylaxis and treatment today are favorable, although for some patient populations, the intensity of antimicrobial intervention has been reduced. Recommendations for prevention, including vaccination, should be known and followed for hospitalized as well as for out-patients.