BACKGROUND: Only a limited number of studies have investigated the age ranges in which the secondary centers of the elbow appear and ossify. Knowledge of sequence, gender differences and age ranges can aid in accurate assessment of radiographs, especially in cases of injury. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sequence and general age ranges in which each ossification center both appears and fuses, and also to identify differences between genders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 412 sets of radiographs of children's elbows that were analyzed prospectively by a single experienced pediatric radiologist. The presence as well as state of fusion of each ossification center was noted. The ages of the children ranged from 2 months to 17 years. RESULTS: In girls, the radial head and medial epicondyle appeared at the same age. In boys, there was a trend towards the radial head appearing earlier than the medial epicondyle. There was no statistically significant difference between the age at which the trochlea and olecranon appeared. Our results demonstrate a statistically significant difference between genders in both appearance and fusion. All centers both appeared and fused earlier in girls, with the exception of the appearance of the capitellum. The sequence of appearance and fusion was similar between genders. CONCLUSION: Ossification centers at the elbow both appear and fuse earlier in females but the normal range in age for the times of appearance and fusion of these centers is quite wide for both sexes.
BACKGROUND: Only a limited number of studies have investigated the age ranges in which the secondary centers of the elbow appear and ossify. Knowledge of sequence, gender differences and age ranges can aid in accurate assessment of radiographs, especially in cases of injury. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sequence and general age ranges in which each ossification center both appears and fuses, and also to identify differences between genders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 412 sets of radiographs of children's elbows that were analyzed prospectively by a single experienced pediatric radiologist. The presence as well as state of fusion of each ossification center was noted. The ages of the children ranged from 2 months to 17 years. RESULTS: In girls, the radial head and medial epicondyle appeared at the same age. In boys, there was a trend towards the radial head appearing earlier than the medial epicondyle. There was no statistically significant difference between the age at which the trochlea and olecranon appeared. Our results demonstrate a statistically significant difference between genders in both appearance and fusion. All centers both appeared and fused earlier in girls, with the exception of the appearance of the capitellum. The sequence of appearance and fusion was similar between genders. CONCLUSION: Ossification centers at the elbow both appear and fuse earlier in females but the normal range in age for the times of appearance and fusion of these centers is quite wide for both sexes.
Authors: Matthew A Zapala; Kristin Livingston; Danial Bokhari; Andrew S Phelps; Jesse L Courtier; Collin Ma; Youngho Seo; John D MacKenzie Journal: Pediatr Radiol Date: 2019-11-19
Authors: Cesar Satoshi Miyazaki; Daniel Augusto Maranho; Paulo Moraes Agnollitto; Marcello Henrique Nogueira-Barbosa Journal: Acta Ortop Bras Date: 2017 Nov-Dec Impact factor: 0.513