Soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) p53: a structural and functional comparison to human p53.

The tumor suppressor p53 regulates genes involved in progression through the cell cycle, DNA repair, senescence or apoptosis in response to cell stress. Dysregulation of p53 can result in uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Invertebrate homologues to human p53 (Hsp53) have been identified, including a putative p53 gene (Map53) from the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria). Predicted sequences for human and clam p53 proteins exhibit conservation in key domains. In light of this similarity, and the apparent dysregulation of Map53 under morphologically aberrant/pathologic conditions, we tested the hypothesis that the two proteins function in a similar manner. Plasmids expressing either Hsp53 or Map53 were introduced by transient transfection into the p53-null H1299 cell line. Functionality was assessed by monitoring the p53/mdm2 feedback loop and expression of p53-mediated downstream markers of growth arrest and apoptosis under non-stressed conditions. Hsp53 spontaneously induced markers of growth arrest, while Map53 expression induced neither cell arrest nor apoptosis. The difference in downstream activation is not likely the result of cytosolic sequestration since Map53, like Hsp53, localized almost exclusively to the nucleus. Functional similarity was observed in regulation by human MDM2, suggesting that the clam may have an mdm2 homologue. Protein modeling identified an apparent MDM2 binding site in Map53, supporting the observation of a potential Map53/MDM2 interaction. Significant amino acid differences present in the Map53 tetramerization domain may potentially affect p53 protein/protein interactions. Taken together, these data suggest that the Map53 shares some functional similarity with human p53 as well as with other invertebrates, positioning the mollusk at a critical juncture in evolution of this gene family.