Vascular endothelial growth factor-C and C-C chemokine receptor 7 in tumor cell-lymphatic cross-talk promote invasive phenotype.

Most carcinomas spread to distant sites through lymphatic vessels. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown a positive correlation between the incidence of lymph node metastasis and secretion of the lymphatic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) by tumor cells, suggesting tumor lymphangiogenesis as an escape mechanism. However, recent evidence has shown VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) expression on tumor cells and autocrine signaling, which increase metastatic potential. Furthermore, there is growing evidence implicating lymphatic-homing chemokine receptors, particularly C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), in lymph node metastasis. We report here that expressions of VEGF-C and CCR7 by tumor cells act synergistically to promote their invasion toward lymphatics. First, VEGF-C acts to increase lymphatic secretion of CCL21, which in turn drives CCR7-dependent tumor chemoinvasion toward lymphatics. Second, VEGF-C acts in an autocrine fashion to increase tumor invasiveness by increasing the proteolytic activity and motility of tumor cells in a three-dimensional matrix. Both of these effects are VEGFR-3 dependent and evident only in three-dimensional environments. We further verified that VEGF-C induces lymphatic CCL21 up-regulation in vivo by direct injection of VEGF-C protein intradermally in the mouse. Taken together, these results bridge the prometastatic functions of CCR7 and VEGF-C in tumors and show that, beyond lymphangiogenesis, VEGF-C promotes tumor invasion toward lymphatics by both autocrine and CCR7-dependent paracrine signaling mechanisms, which may be a significant cause of lymph node metastasis.