The influence of charge transport and recombination on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and transient voltage decay measurements are applied to compare the performance of dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using organic electrolytes, ionic liquids and organic-hole conductors as hole transport materials (HTM). Nano-crystalline titania films sensitized by the same heteroleptic ruthenium complex NaRu(4-carboxylic acid-4'-carboxylate) (4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)(NCS)(2) , coded Z-907Na are employed as working electrodes. The influence of the nature of the HTM on the photovoltaic figures of merit, that is, the open circuit voltage, short circuit photocurrent and fill factor is evaluated. In order to derive the electron lifetime, as well as the electron diffusion coefficient and charge collection efficiency, EIS measurements are performed in the dark and under illumination corresponding to realistic photovoltaic operating conditions of these mesoscopic solar cells. A theoretical model is established to interpret the frequency response off the impedance under open circuit conditions, which is conceptually similar to photovoltage transient decay measurements. Important information on factors that govern the dynamics of electron transport within the nanocrystalline TiO(2) film and charge recombination across the dye sensitized heterojunction is obtained.