| Literature DB >> 19114990 |
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta utilizes a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smads to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-canonical, non-Smad pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. These non-Smad pathways include various branches of MAP kinase pathways, Rho-like GTPase signaling pathways, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of non-Smad pathways. In addition, functions of these non-Smad pathways are also discussed.Entities:
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Year: 2009 PMID: 19114990 PMCID: PMC2635127 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.328
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Cell Res ISSN: 1001-0602 Impact factor: 25.617