Personality and congenital adrenal hyperplasia: possible effects of prenatal androgen exposure.

Influences of early androgen exposure on personality were investigated. Participants were either exposed to abnormal levels of androgens prenatally due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH, 40 females, 29 males), or were unaffected relative controls (29 females, 30 males). Compared to female controls, females with CAH were less tender-minded (p<.001; 16 Personality Factor Inventory (16PF)), and reported greater physical aggression (p=.03; Reinisch Aggression Inventory) and less interest in infants (p<.001; Melson's Questionnaire), but did not differ in dominance (16PF). Males with CAH did not differ from male controls in interest in infants but were less dominant (p=.008), and more tender-minded (p=.033) and reported reduced physical aggression (p=.025). Thus, both males and females with CAH showed alteration in three of the four constructs assessed. Prenatal androgen exposure may shift some, but not all, personality characteristics in the male-typical direction in females. It may also be associated with a decrease in some aspects of male-typical personality development in males, although personality differences in males with CAH could relate to illness.