Late pulmonary, cardiovascular, and renal complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and recommended screening practices.

Non-malignant late effects after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are heterogeneous in nature and intensity. The type and severity of the late complications depend on the type of transplantation and the conditioning regimen applied. Based on the most recent knowledge, we discuss three typical non-malignant complications in long-term survivors after HSCT, namely pulmonary, cardiovascular and renal complications. These complications illustrate perfectly the great diversity in respect of frequency, time of appearance, risk factors, and outcome. Respiratory tract complications are frequent, appear usually within the first two years, are closely related to chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and are often of poor prognosis. Cardiac and cardiovascular complications are mainly related to cardiotoxic chemotherapy and total body irradiation, and to the increase of cardiovascular risk factors. They appear very late after HSCT, with a low magnitude of risk during the first decade. However, their incidence might increase significantly with longer follow-up. The chronic kidney diseases are usually asymptomatic until end stage disease, occur within the first decade after HSCT, and are mainly related with the use of nephrotoxic drugs such as calcineurin inhibitors. We will discuss the practical screening recommendations that could assist practitioner in the follow-up of long-term survivors after HSCT.