From clinical and biochemical to molecular genetic diagnosis of Wilson disease in Latvia.

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism characterized by hepatic and/or neurological damage. More than 300 mutations in the gene ATP7B causing this defect have been reported. The data on correlation between WD patient genotypes and clinical presentation are controversial. In this paper the results of ATP7B mutation analysis by testing for mutation H1069Q and direct sequencing of six exons together with the clinical data of 40 Latvian WD patients are presented. Two previously described and two novel mutations as well as one previously reported polymorphism were identified. The H1069Q mutation was present at 52.5% of the disease alleles. One individual among 157 healthy Latvians was also found to be a mutation H1069Q carrier. The estimated incidence of WD in Latvia is approximately 1 in 25600. Wide clinical variability was observed among individuals with the same ATP7B genotype, thus supporting the suggestion that modifying factors play an additional role in the pathogenesis of WD. An algorithm for the diagnosis of WD, including testing for mutation H1069Q, is recommended for the populations where mutation H1069Q accounts for 50% of WD alleles or more.