Arthroscopic surgery: a historical perspective.

The most commonly performed orthopaedic procedure today, arthroscopy, has its origins in the 19th century. Considered as one of the three greatest improvements in orthopedic care, arthroscopic visualization can be performed in every joint of the human body. Beginning with the use of the cystoscope in cadaver knees through the development of sophisticated arthroscopic equipment, arthroscopy has become an invaluable component of modern orthopedic care. This article will trace the history of arthroscopy, including arthroscopic pioneers who introduced the notion of examining joint pathology through "key hole" incisions, minimizing pain and reducing recovery time for orthopedic patients throughout the world.