Unsteady flow field around a human hand and propulsive force in swimming.

Much effort has been undertaken for the estimation of propulsive force of swimmers in the front crawl. Estimation is typically based on steady flow theory: the so-called quasi-steady analysis. Flow fields around a swimmer, however, are extremely unsteady because the change direction of hand produces unsteady vortex motions. To evaluate the force correctly, it is necessary to know the unsteady properties determined from the vortex dynamics because that unsteadiness is known to make the force greater. Unsteady flow measurements were made for this study using a sophisticated technique called particle image velocimetry (PIV) in several horizontal planes for subjects swimming in a flume. Using that method, a 100 time-sequential flow fields are obtainable simultaneously. Each flow field was calculated from two particle images using the cross-correlation method. The intensity of vortices and their locations were identified. A strong vortex was generated near the hand and then shed by directional change of the hand in the transition phase from in-sweep to out-sweep. When the vortex was shed, a new vortex rotating in the opposite direction around the hand was created. The pair of vortices induced the velocity component in the direction opposite to the swimming. Results of this study show that the momentum change attributable to the increase in this velocity component is the origin of thrust force by the hand.