CONTEXT: Although both genetic and environmental factors affect risk of individual personality disorders (PDs), we know little of how they contribute to the pattern of comorbidity between the PDs in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV). OBJECTIVE: To clarify the structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for the 10 DSM-IV PDs. DESIGN: Assessment of PDs at personal interview and multivariate twin modeling with the Mx program. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2794 young adult members of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. Main Outcome Measure Number of endorsed criteria for the 10 DSM-IV PDs. RESULTS: The best-fit multivariate twin model required 3 genetic and 3 individual-specific environmental factors and genetic and individual-specific factors unique to each PD. The first genetic factor had high loadings on PDs from all 3 clusters including paranoid, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive. The second genetic factor had substantial loadings only on borderline and antisocial PD. The third genetic factor had high loadings only on schizoid and avoidant PD. Several PDs had substantial disorder-specific genetic risk factors. The first, second, and third individual-specific environmental factors had high loadings on the cluster B, A, and C PDs, respectively, with 1 exception: obsessive-compulsive PD loaded with cluster B and not cluster C PDs. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic risk factors for DSM-IV PDs do not reflect the cluster A, B, and C typology. Rather, 1 genetic factor reflects a broad vulnerability to PD pathology and/or negative emotionality. The 2 other genetic factors are more specific and reflect high impulsivity/low agreeableness and introversion. Unexpectedly, the cluster A, B, and C typology is well reflected in the structure of environmental risk factors, suggesting that environmental experiences may be responsible for the tendency of cluster A, B, and C PDs to co-occur.
CONTEXT: Although both genetic and environmental factors affect risk of individual personality disorders (PDs), we know little of how they contribute to the pattern of comorbidity between the PDs in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV). OBJECTIVE: To clarify the structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for the 10 DSM-IV PDs. DESIGN: Assessment of PDs at personal interview and multivariate twin modeling with the Mx program. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2794 young adult members of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. Main Outcome Measure Number of endorsed criteria for the 10 DSM-IV PDs. RESULTS: The best-fit multivariate twin model required 3 genetic and 3 individual-specific environmental factors and genetic and individual-specific factors unique to each PD. The first genetic factor had high loadings on PDs from all 3 clusters including paranoid, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive. The second genetic factor had substantial loadings only on borderline and antisocial PD. The third genetic factor had high loadings only on schizoid and avoidant PD. Several PDs had substantial disorder-specific genetic risk factors. The first, second, and third individual-specific environmental factors had high loadings on the cluster B, A, and C PDs, respectively, with 1 exception: obsessive-compulsive PD loaded with cluster B and not cluster C PDs. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic risk factors for DSM-IV PDs do not reflect the cluster A, B, and C typology. Rather, 1 genetic factor reflects a broad vulnerability to PD pathology and/or negative emotionality. The 2 other genetic factors are more specific and reflect high impulsivity/low agreeableness and introversion. Unexpectedly, the cluster A, B, and C typology is well reflected in the structure of environmental risk factors, suggesting that environmental experiences may be responsible for the tendency of cluster A, B, and C PDs to co-occur.
Authors: Thomas L Rodebaugh; Dianne L Chambless; Babette Renneberg; Thomas Fydrich Journal: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res Date: 2005 Impact factor: 4.035
Authors: Gerald Nestadt; Fang-Chi Hsu; Jack Samuels; O Joseph Bienvenu; Irving Reti; Paul T Costa; William W Eaton Journal: Compr Psychiatry Date: 2006 Jan-Feb Impact factor: 3.735
Authors: Andrew E Skodol; John M Oldham; Donna S Bender; Ingrid R Dyck; Robert L Stout; Leslie C Morey; M Tracie Shea; Mary C Zanarini; Charles A Sanislow; Carlos M Grilo; Thomas H McGlashan; John G Gunderson Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2005-10 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: M Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez; Shauna Weinstein; Antonia S New; Laura Bevilacqua; Qiaoping Yuan; Zhifeng Zhou; Colin Hodgkinson; Marianne Goodman; Harold W Koenigsberg; David Goldman; Larry J Siever Journal: J Psychiatr Res Date: 2010-05-06 Impact factor: 4.791
Authors: K S Kendler; S H Aggen; M C Neale; G P Knudsen; R F Krueger; K Tambs; N Czajkowski; E Ystrom; R E Ørstavik; T Reichborn-Kjennerud Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2014-11-14 Impact factor: 7.723
Authors: Peter Fonagy; Mario Speranza; Patrick Luyten; Michael Kaess; Christel Hessels; Martin Bohus Journal: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2015-08-14 Impact factor: 4.785
Authors: L C Gjerde; N Czajkowski; E Røysamb; E Ystrom; K Tambs; S H Aggen; R E Ørstavik; K S Kendler; T Reichborn-Kjennerud; G P Knudsen Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2015-08-14 Impact factor: 7.723
Authors: E Gorodetsky; L Bevilacqua; V Carli; M Sarchiapone; A Roy; D Goldman; M-A Enoch Journal: Genes Brain Behav Date: 2014-05-31 Impact factor: 3.449
Authors: Vassilis N Panagopoulos; Timothy J Trull; Anne L Glowinski; Michael T Lynskey; Andrew C Heath; Arpana Agrawal; Anjali K Henders; Leanne Wallace; Alexandre A Todorov; Pamela A F Madden; Elizabeth Moore; Louisa Degenhardt; Nicholas G Martin; Grant W Montgomery; Elliot C Nelson Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2012-12-12 Impact factor: 4.492