Intracellular drug delivery by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, revisited.

We reexamined the cellular drug delivery mechanism by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) to determine their utility and limitations as an intracellular drug delivery system. First, we prepared PLGA NPs which physically encapsulated Nile red (a hydrophobic fluorescent dye), in accordance with the usual procedure for labeling PLGA NPs, incubated them with mesothelial cells, and observed an increase in the intracellular fluorescence. We then prepared NPs from PLGA chemically conjugated to a fluorescent dye and observed their uptake by the mesothelial cells using confocal microscopy. We also used coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy to image cellular uptake of unlabeled PLGA NPs. Results of this study coherently suggest that PLGA NPs (i) are not readily taken up by cells, but (ii) deliver the payload to cells by extracellular drug release and/or direct drug transfer to contacting cells, which are contrasted with the prevalent view. From this alternative standpoint, we analyzed cytotoxicities of doxorubicin and paclitaxel delivered by PLGA NPs and compared with those of free drugs. Finally, we revisit previous findings in the literature and discuss potential strategies to achieve efficient drug delivery to the target tissues using PLGA NPs.