Posture and equilibrium in orthopedic and rheumatologic diseases.

Posture and balance may be affected in many spine or lower-limb disorders. An extensive evaluation including clinical tests and movement analysis techniques may be necessary to characterize how rheumatologic or orthopedic diseases are related to static or dynamic changes in postural control. In lower limbs, unbalance may be related to a decreased stability following arthrosis or ligament injuries at knee or ankle levels, while hip lesions appear less associated with such troubles. Spinal diseases at cervical level are frequently associated with postural changes and impaired balance control, related to the major role of sensory inputs during stance and gait. At lower levels, changes are noticed in major scoliosis and may be related to pain intensity in patients with chronic low-back pain. Whatever the initial lesion and the affected level, improvement in clinical or instrumental tests following rehabilitation or brace wearing provides argument for a close relationship between rheumatologic or orthopedic diseases and related impairments in posture and balance control.