Personality in free-ranging Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) males: subjective ratings and recorded behavior.

The authors obtained behavioral observations and personality ratings for 27 free-ranging Hanuman langur males. Subjects were rated using a questionnaire based on the human Five-Factor Model (FFM). Behavioral observations were taken over 5 months using an ethogram that included 50 behaviors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of ratings revealed Agreeableness_(R), Confidence_(R), and Extraversion_(R) components. Each personality dimension was associated with a unique set of observed behaviors. PCA of 36 behavioral indices revealed Dominance_(B), Involvement_(B), and Activity_(B) components. Bivariate correlations showed that Agreeableness_(R) was negatively correlated with Dominance_(B); Confidence_(R) was positively correlated with Dominance_(B) and Involvement_(B) but negatively correlated with Activity_(B); and Extraversion_(R) was positively correlated with Activity_(B). Dominance rank was positively correlated with Confidence_(R) and Dominance_(B) but negatively correlated with Agreeableness_(R) and Activity_(B). These results highlight the comparability of behavioral coding and personality ratings and suggest that some aspects of personality structure were present in the common ancestor of Old World monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).