Modeling protein-mediated morphology in biomembranes.

The equilibrium theory for lipid membranes is used to describe the structure of nuclear pores and the membrane shapes accompanying endocytosis. The commonly used variant of the theory contains a fixed parameter called the spontaneous curvature which accounts for asymmetry in the bending response of the membrane. This is replaced here by a variable distribution of spontaneous curvature representing the influence of attached proteins. The required adjustments to the standard theory are described and the resulting model is applied to the study of membrane morphology at the cites of protein-assisted nuclear pore formation and endocytosis.