Instruments used in Roy adaptation model-based research: review, critique, and future directions.

The purpose of this secondary analysis is to identify and critique the instruments most frequently used to measure concepts of the Roy adaptation model. Of the 123 instruments used in 231 studies over 30 years, 20 instruments met the criteria for secondary analysis. Based on established criteria, 14 were judged to have high usefulness, three have moderate usefulness, one has limited usefulness, and two are not recommended for use with the model. Recommendations include locating and developing instruments in key content areas including adaptation in groups, and particularly developing measurement strategies consistent with the philosophical assumptions of the model and multiple ways of knowing.