Functional considerations in revision rhinoplasty.

The development of nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty is associated with significant patient dissatisfaction. Correction of nasal obstruction requires a thorough evaluation to determine the ANATOMIC EPICENTER of obstruction. The offending structure can usually be traced to abnormalities in the internal nasal valve, intervalve area, or the external nasal valve and may be static or dynamic. Surgical correction of the internal nasal valve using spreader grafts, flaring sutures, and butterfly grafts has been shown to increase the cross-sectional area of this nasal valve, improving nasal airflow and patient satisfaction. External valve dysfunction from cicatricial stenosis may be addressed with local flaps; however, larger stenoses may require composite grafts. Alar base malposition can be addressed by repositioning of the alar base with local island flaps. Intervalve dysfunction involves the important area between the external and internal valves, under the supra-alar crease, and is the most common site of obstruction. Its correction often involves alar batten grafts and reconstruction of the lateral crura. Inferior turbinate hypertrophy and concha bullosa may be addressed as adjunctive therapy to increase nasal airflow. This article on nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty emphasizes the precise anatomic diagnosis and describes successful methods used to correct the dysfunction.