From retinal circuitry to eye diseases--in memory of Henk Spekreijse.

This article summarizes our recent works on stratum-by-stratum structure-function rules for synaptic contacts between retinal bipolar cells and third-order retinal neurons in the inner plexiform layer. These rules were derived from large-scale voltage clamp recordings of various types of bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina, and they appear applicable to bipolar cells in the mouse and other mammalian species. This review also gives a brief account of how we used pathway-specific knockout mouse models to dissect rod and cone signaling channels in the mammalian retina. Furthermore, studies on cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying several neurodegenerative retinal disorders are described.