Anisotropy, in density and in distance, of the dispersal of yellow rust of wheat: experiments in large field plots and estimation.

ABSTRACT Long-distance dispersal of spores generally presents anisotropy. This anisotropy can appear in the mean number of spores deposited along a given direction (anisotropy in density) and in the mean distance that a spore travels in a given direction (anisotropy in distance). Specific experiments together with a statistical methodology are proposed to study this effect. The experiments are based on the use of a point source of a traceable inoculum and susceptible trap plots in large resistant field plots. The anisotropy is characterized by two functions: a directional density function and a mean distance function which are related with the anisotropies in density and distance, respectively. A nonparametric approach is developed to estimate these functions and to help in choosing a parametric model. Then, the parametric model is estimated. In two field experiments, migrations up to 175 and 225 m from the source were detected, with approximately 25% of the trap plots infected. Whatever the experiment, the two estimated anisotropies presented different shapes (i.e., the number of spores dispersed in a given direction was not proportional to the mean distance travelled by these spores).