Transcriptional regulation in bacterial membrane lipid synthesis.

This review covers the main transcriptional mechanisms that control membrane phospholipid synthesis in bacteria. The fatty acid components are the most energetically expensive modules to produce; thus, the regulation of fatty acid production is very tightly controlled to match the growth rate of cells. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have evolved different structural classes of regulators to control the genes required for fatty acid biosynthesis. Also, there are other transcriptional regulators that allow the cells to alter the structure of fatty acids in existing phospholipid molecules or to modify the structures of exogenous fatty acids prior to their incorporation into the bilayer. A major thrust for future research in this area is the identification of the ligands or effectors that control the DNA binding activity of the transcriptional regulators of fatty acid biosynthesis. With the exception of malonyl-CoA regulation of FapR from Bacillus subtilis and long-chain acyl-CoA regulation of FadR from Escherichia coli and DesT from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the identity of these intracellular regulators remains unknown.