Androgen receptor knockout and knock-in mouse models.

Androgens play an important role in male reproductive development and function. These steroid hormones mediate their actions by binding to the androgen receptor (AR). Diseases such as androgen insensitivity syndrome, prostate cancer, Kennedy's disease, and infertility can be caused by mutations in the AR. To get a better insight into the molecular working mechanisms of the AR, several knockout and knock-in mouse models have been developed. These models are reviewed here and are compared with human diseases.