BACKGROUND: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial found greater coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in women assigned to estrogen/progestin therapy than in those assigned to placebo. Observational studies had previously suggested reduced CHD risk in hormone users. METHODS: Using data from the observational Nurses' Health Study, we emulated the design and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of the randomized trial. The observational study was conceptualized as a sequence of "trials," in which eligible women were classified as initiators or noninitiators of estrogen/progestin therapy. RESULTS: The ITT hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals) of CHD for initiators versus noninitiators were 1.42 (0.92-2.20) for the first 2 years, and 0.96 (0.78-1.18) for the entire follow-up. The ITT HRs were 0.84 (0.61-1.14) in women within 10 years of menopause, and 1.12 (0.84-1.48) in the others (P value for interaction = 0.08). These ITT estimates are similar to those from the Women's Health Initiative. Because the ITT approach causes severe treatment misclassification, we also estimated adherence-adjusted effects by inverse probability weighting. The HRs were 1.61 (0.97-2.66) for the first 2 years, and 0.98 (0.66-1.49) for the entire follow-up. The HRs were 0.54 (0.19-1.51) in women within 10 years after menopause, and 1.20 (0.78-1.84) in others (P value for interaction = 0.01). We also present comparisons between these estimates and previously reported Nurses' Health Study estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the discrepancies between the Women's Health Initiative and Nurses' Health Study ITT estimates could be largely explained by differences in the distribution of time since menopause and length of follow-up.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial found greater coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in women assigned to estrogen/progestin therapy than in those assigned to placebo. Observational studies had previously suggested reduced CHD risk in hormone users. METHODS: Using data from the observational Nurses' Health Study, we emulated the design and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of the randomized trial. The observational study was conceptualized as a sequence of "trials," in which eligible women were classified as initiators or noninitiators of estrogen/progestin therapy. RESULTS: The ITT hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals) of CHD for initiators versus noninitiators were 1.42 (0.92-2.20) for the first 2 years, and 0.96 (0.78-1.18) for the entire follow-up. The ITT HRs were 0.84 (0.61-1.14) in women within 10 years of menopause, and 1.12 (0.84-1.48) in the others (P value for interaction = 0.08). These ITT estimates are similar to those from the Women's Health Initiative. Because the ITT approach causes severe treatment misclassification, we also estimated adherence-adjusted effects by inverse probability weighting. The HRs were 1.61 (0.97-2.66) for the first 2 years, and 0.98 (0.66-1.49) for the entire follow-up. The HRs were 0.54 (0.19-1.51) in women within 10 years after menopause, and 1.20 (0.78-1.84) in others (P value for interaction = 0.01). We also present comparisons between these estimates and previously reported Nurses' Health Study estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the discrepancies between the Women's Health Initiative and Nurses' Health Study ITT estimates could be largely explained by differences in the distribution of time since menopause and length of follow-up.
Authors: J P Ioannidis; A B Haidich; M Pappa; N Pantazis; S I Kokori; M G Tektonidou; D G Contopoulos-Ioannidis; J Lau Journal: JAMA Date: 2001-08-15 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Barbara Ellen Jones; Jian Ying; Vanessa Stevens; Candace Haroldsen; Tao He; McKenna Nevers; Matthew A Christensen; Richard E Nelson; Gregory J Stoddard; Brian C Sauer; Peter M Yarbrough; Makoto M Jones; Matthew Bidwell Goetz; Tom Greene; Matthew H Samore Journal: JAMA Intern Med Date: 2020-04-01 Impact factor: 21.873
Authors: Olivia Keiser; Hannock Tweya; Paula Braitstein; François Dabis; Patrick MacPhail; Andrew Boulle; Denis Nash; Robin Wood; Ruedi Lüthi; Martin W G Brinkhof; Mauro Schechter; Matthias Egger Journal: Trop Med Int Health Date: 2009-12-09 Impact factor: 2.622
Authors: Scott Dryden-Peterson; Memory Bvochora-Nsingo; Gita Suneja; Jason A Efstathiou; Surbhi Grover; Sebathu Chiyapo; Doreen Ramogola-Masire; Malebogo Kebabonye-Pusoentsi; Rebecca Clayman; Abigail C Mapes; Neo Tapela; Aida Asmelash; Heluf Medhin; Akila N Viswanathan; Anthony H Russell; Lilie L Lin; Mukendi K A Kayembe; Mompati Mmalane; Thomas C Randall; Bruce Chabner; Shahin Lockman Journal: J Clin Oncol Date: 2016-11-01 Impact factor: 44.544