Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: a first message should pass.

An association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recently suggested. Indeed, different studies have demonstrated that NAFLD patients present increased subclinical atherosclerosis compared to non-steatosic individuals, and are supported by the few follow-up studies revealing that CVD is the second most common cause of death in NAFLD patients. However, the nature of the relationship NAFLD/CVD is still under debate: is NAFLD a consequence of, or a contributor to, the dysmetabolic cascade leading to atherosclerosis? In this issue of the journal, McKimmie and coauthors analyzed a subset of 623 participants from the Diabetes Heart Study for hepatic steatosis, classic CVD risk factors, subcutaneous and visceral fat, coronary, aortic and carotid artery calcium, and carotid intima-media thickness. After adjusting for all the CVD risk factors plus visceral fat, they did not find independent associations between steatosis and the cardiovascular markers of interest, and conclude that NAFLD may be best described as an epiphenomenon in this context. The strength of this study resides in the numerosity of the sample, the broad cardiovascular examination, and the direct assessment by computed tomography of visceral fat, an undisputed major contributor to NAFLD, the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. However, waiting for prospective and interventional studies in order to definitely determine the nature of the relationship NAFLD/CVD, sufficient evidence exists to derive a first message and transfer it into the clinical practice: an overall assessment of the CVD risk, and the aggressive management of the atherosclerotic risk factors, seem mandatory in all NAFLD patients.