Diversity and beyond: plant functional identity determines herbivore performance.

1. Recent biodiversity studies have addressed various community-level effects of biodiversity change, but the number of studies on specific biotic interactions is still rather limited. An open question in the context of plant-insect-herbivore relationships is how diversity impacts the population ecology of individual species. 2. In the present study, we explored the relationship between plant species diversity and the performance and fitness of a generalist herbivore, the meadow grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus Zetterstedt (Orthoptera, Gomphocerinae). A total of 1620 fourth-instar nymphs of this insect were captured and transferred to cages (10 females and 10 males per cage) on 81 experimental grassland communities in plots containing one to 60 plant species within the Jena biodiversity experiment. 3. Median survival of grasshoppers in the experiment was 14.5 days. Survival was independent of plant species richness and number of plant functional groups in the communities, but increased if plant communities contained grasses. Plant species richness and plant functional group richness had no effect on the number of oothecae laid by females or the number of hatchlings in the next generation. 4. Functional group composition of the plant communities affected most fitness measures. Grass presence increased the number of oothecae laid by females from 0.78 +/- 0.21 to 3.7 +/- 0.41 per female, and the number of hatchlings in the next generation from 4.0 +/- 1.3 to 16.6 +/- 2.4. Certain combinations of plant functional groups increased grasshopper survival. 5. The findings indicate that the fitness of C. parallelus is influenced more by plant functional group identity than by plant species richness. In the absence of grasses, grasshoppers performed better if more than just one functional group of plants was present. We call this a 'rescue effect' of plant functional group richness.