Grouped nucleotide polymorphism: a major contributor to genetic variation in Arabidopsis.

While information for single nucleotide polymorphism is accumulating in many organisms, little is known about the magnitude and the occurrence of nucleotide dimorphism or higher order structural polymorphisms (grouped nucleotide polymorphisms or GNPs). To address these questions, we systematically investigated the genetic variations of 996 loci in 96 Arabidopsis accessions. Our data suggest that GNP loci are highly frequent in the genomes (40.4% of 996 loci), and that 66.7% of genetic variation in 996 loci is attributed to GNPs. The frequency distribution and the linkage analysis of GNP loci demonstrate that GNPs occurred randomly, locally, ceaselessly and independently in general, although they are particularly abundant in the region near centromeres. The age distribution of GNP loci shows that the majority of these loci are under a transient phase of neutral evolution. The characteristics of GNPs imply that a molecular isolation exists in GNP loci, and most likely the indels caused isolation, which could explain how GNPs are generated and maintained.