The geographic relationships between physicians' residency sites and the locations of their first practices.

The uneven geographic distribution of physicians has been identified as a significant problem for the delivery of health care services. The present study examined one of the factors that contribute to the distribution of physicians; how far they move from their residency sites to establish their first practices. In 1989, the authors selected a random sample of 701 U.S. residency programs in the ten specialties with the most practitioners, and measured the distance each of these physicians moved to his or her first practice location. Of the 701 programs, 58.5% provided usable information about 2,612 physicians. Of these physicians, over 40% had moved less than 10 miles from their residencies, and over 50% had moved less than 75 miles. Comparisons among the physicians from the various specialties showed that the primary care physicians moved significantly shorter distances than did those from the other specialties. In the last two decades, many efforts have been made to increase the geographic distribution of physicians. The evidence from this study suggests that so far as the distances that physicians move from their practice sites are concerned, little has changed. Recent graduates of residency programs show no more tendency to move far from their residency sites than did their counterparts 30 years ago, as reported in the literature.