Genome organisation and retrotransposon driven molecular evolution of the endosperm Hardness (Ha) locus in Triticum aestivum cv Glenlea.

Wheat endosperm texture is controlled primarily by a locus (Ha), which comprises Gsp-1, Pina and Pinb genes encoding the so-called grain softness protein, puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b, respectively. Pina and Pinb were detected only on the D-genome of hexaploid wheat and its diploid progenitors while Gsp-1 was on all three homoeologous loci. Hexaploid cultivar Glenlea has a hard phenotype due to a null Pina genotype (D-genome) but the sequence organization is not reported. This study aimed at understanding the evolution of homoeologous Ha loci. Sequencing of three BAC clones from cv Glenlea was performed and sequence analyses delimited the Ha loci which spanned 3,925, 5,330 and 31,607 bp in the A-, B- and D-genomes, respectively. A solo LTR of Angela retroelement, downstream to Gsp-A1 and a fragment of Sabrina retroelement, downstream of Gsp-B1, were discovered. We propose that the insertion of these elements into the intergenic regions have driven the deletions of genomic segments harbouring Pina and Pinb genes in the A- and B-genomes of hexaploid wheat. Similarly, fragments of Romani and Vagabond retroelements were identified between truncated Pina and Pinb genes, indicating their role in the deletion of Pina in Glenlea, leading to its hard texture. Structural differences of the Ha locus region of the A-genome between two hexaploid wheat varieties namely Glenlea and Renan (CR626929), suggested the presence of more than one tetraploid ancestor in the origin of hexaploid wheat.