Modulation of aquaporin-2/vasopressin2 receptor kidney expression and tubular injury after endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) challenge.

OBJECTIVE: Sepsis-induced organ dysfunctions remain prevalent and account for >50% of intensive care unit admissions for acute renal failure with a mortality rate nearing 75%. In addition to the fact that the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of sepsis-related acute renal failure are unclear, the impact on septic-induced acute renal failure of either norepinephrine, a gold-standard vasopressor, and arginine vasopressin, a candidate alternative, are not well understood.
DESIGN: Randomized and controlled in vivo study.
SETTING: Research laboratory and animal facilities.
SUBJECTS: Adult rats treated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and/or vasopressors.
INTERVENTIONS: Rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (12 mg/kg) or saline and then infused with either saline, 0.375 microg/microL arginine vasopressin, or 32.5 microg/microL norepinephrine for 18 hrs. These vasopressor rates yielded respective targeted blood levels observed in human septic shock.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Renal function, including glomerular filtration rate and fraction, renal blood flow, aquaporin-2, and arginine vasopressin-2 (V2 receptor) networking, water and salt handling, and urinary protein excretion, were evaluated. After lipopolysaccharide challenge arginine vasopressin infusion: 1) impaired creatinine clearance without affecting renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and fraction but reduced free-water clearance, both of which being partially restored by the V2 receptor antagonist SR-121463B; 2) decreased the recognized ability of arginine vasopressin alone to recruit aquaporin-2 to the apical membrane increase its mRNA expression and urinary release; 3) increased urinary protein content but decreased specific kidney injury molecule-1, and Clara cell protein-16 release (p < 0.05 vs. lipopolysaccharide alone). Conversely, norepinephrine infusion did not add to lipopolysaccharide-induced alteration of urine biochemistry, except for improved creatinine clearance and increased microalbuminuria.
CONCLUSION: In this endotoxic model, dose-targeted arginine vasopressin infusion increased lipopolysaccharide-induced renal dysfunction without affecting renal blood flow and glomerular function, but with particular disruption of aquaporin-2/V2 receptor networking, consecutive decreased salt and water handling ability. This is in clear contrast with norepinephrine infusion and suggests specific arginine vasopressin-induced "tubular epithelial dysfunction."