Spinal radiosurgery: technology and clinical outcomes.

The development of computer-based image guidance has allowed stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy to be freed from the constraints imposed by the stereotactic frames once required for intracranial radiosurgery. This freedom has led to the application of radiosurgery to targets outside the brain. In this paper, we briefly review the technologies, treatment parameters, and clinical outcomes of radiosurgical treatment for spinal pathology, including metastatic tumors and rare but challenging lesions such as arteriovenous malformations and benign tumors. A special emphasis is put on the newest development, fiducial-less robotic radiosurgery. Spinal radiosurgery is associated with excellent rates of tumor control and pain relief with a good dose sparing of the highly sensitive spinal cord. Further research is required to optimize treatment strategies and to assess clinical benefits and toxicity in the long term.