Fundamental limits to the accuracy of deuterium isotopes for identifying the spatial origin of migratory animals.

Deuterium isotope analyses have revolutionized the study of migratory connectivity because global gradients of deuterium in precipitation (deltaD(P)) are expressed on a continental scale. Several authors have constructed continental scale base maps of deltaD(P) to provide a spatial reference for studying the movement patterns of migratory species and, although they are very useful, these maps present a static, 40-year average view of the landscape that ignores much underlying inter-annual variation. To more fully understand the consequences of this underlying variation, we analyzed the GNIP deuterium data, the source for all current deltaD(P) maps, to estimate the minimum separation in deltaD(P) (and latitude) necessary to conclude with a given level of confidence that distinct deltaD(P) values represent different geographic sites. Extending analyses of deltaD(P) successfully to deuterium in tissues of living organisms, e.g., feathers in migratory birds (deltaD(F)), is dependent on the existence of geographic separation of deltaD(P), where every geographic location has a distribution of values associated with temporal variability in deltaD(P). Analyses were conducted for three distinct geographic regions: North America, eastern North America (east of longitude 100 degrees W), and Argentina. At the 80% confidence level, the minimum separation values were 12, 7, and 14 degrees of latitude (equivalent to 53, 31, and 32 per thousand) for North America, eastern North America, and Argentina, respectively. Hence, in eastern North America, for example, one may not be able to accurately assign individual samples to sites separated by less than about 7 degrees of latitude as the distributions of deltaD(P) were not distinct at latitudes <7 degrees apart. Moreover, two samples that differ by less than 31 per thousand cannot be confidently said to originate from different latitudes. These estimates of minimum separation for deltaD(P) do not include other known sources of variation in feather deuterium (deltaD(F)) and hence are a first order approximation that may be useful, in the absence of more specific information for the system of interest, for planning and interpreting the results of new stable isotope studies.