PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and correlates of cocaine injection initiation and the impacts of daily cocaine injection among a cohort of injection drug users. METHODS: Among 1603 participants, from May 1996 to December 2005, risk factors for initiation of cocaine injection among baseline heroin users were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression and correlates of daily cocaine injection by generalized estimating equations. FINDINGS: Of the 238 individuals who had never injected cocaine, 200 (84%) had at least one follow-up visit and 121 (61%) consequently initiated into cocaine injection, yielding an incidence density of initiation into cocaine injection of 21.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.9-25.8) per 100 person-years. In a multivariate model, Downtown Eastside (DTES) residence (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=2.46, 95% CI: 1.68-3.60), incarceration (AHR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.01-2.24), requiring help injecting (AHR=1.57, 95% CI: 0.99-2.49), and binge drug use (AHR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.22-2.73) remained associated with initiation into cocaine injection. DTES residence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.99, 95% CI: 1.62-2.46), unstable housing (AOR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.53), incarceration (AOR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.04-1.60), sex trade involvement (AOR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.15-1.85), requiring help injecting (AOR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.73-2.58)), borrowing syringes (AOR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.35-2.43) and binge drug use (AOR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.81-2.58) were independently associated with daily cocaine injection. CONCLUSIONS: The baseline prevalence and subsequent incidence of initiation into cocaine injection was high. Daily cocaine injection was independently associated with a number of health and social harms, including elevated HIV risk behavior.
PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and correlates of cocaine injection initiation and the impacts of daily cocaine injection among a cohort of injection drug users. METHODS: Among 1603 participants, from May 1996 to December 2005, risk factors for initiation of cocaine injection among baseline heroin users were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression and correlates of daily cocaine injection by generalized estimating equations. FINDINGS: Of the 238 individuals who had never injected cocaine, 200 (84%) had at least one follow-up visit and 121 (61%) consequently initiated into cocaine injection, yielding an incidence density of initiation into cocaine injection of 21.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 17.9-25.8) per 100 person-years. In a multivariate model, Downtown Eastside (DTES) residence (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR)=2.46, 95% CI: 1.68-3.60), incarceration (AHR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.01-2.24), requiring help injecting (AHR=1.57, 95% CI: 0.99-2.49), and binge drug use (AHR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.22-2.73) remained associated with initiation into cocaine injection. DTES residence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.99, 95% CI: 1.62-2.46), unstable housing (AOR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.53), incarceration (AOR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.04-1.60), sex trade involvement (AOR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.15-1.85), requiring help injecting (AOR=2.11, 95% CI: 1.73-2.58)), borrowing syringes (AOR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.35-2.43) and binge drug use (AOR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.81-2.58) were independently associated with daily cocaine injection. CONCLUSIONS: The baseline prevalence and subsequent incidence of initiation into cocaine injection was high. Daily cocaine injection was independently associated with a number of health and social harms, including elevated HIV risk behavior.
Authors: Evan Wood; Mark W Tyndall; Patricia M Spittal; Kathy Li; Robert S Hogg; Julio S G Montaner; Michael V O'Shaughnessy; Martin T Schechter Journal: AIDS Date: 2002-04-12 Impact factor: 4.177
Authors: Mark W Tyndall; Thomas Kerr; Ruth Zhang; Evelyn King; Julio G Montaner; Evan Wood Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2005-12-13 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Evan Wood; Mark W Tyndall; Kathy Li; Elisa Lloyd-Smith; Will Small; Julio S G Montaner; Thomas Kerr Journal: Am J Prev Med Date: 2005-08 Impact factor: 5.043
Authors: Evan Wood; Kathy Li; Will Small; Julio S Montaner; Martin T Schechter; Thomas Kerr Journal: Public Health Rep Date: 2005 Mar-Apr Impact factor: 2.792
Authors: Trevor A Corneil; Laura M Kuyper; Jean Shoveller; Robert S Hogg; Kathy Li; Patricia M Spittal; Martin T Schechter; Evan Wood Journal: Health Place Date: 2004-12-15 Impact factor: 4.078
Authors: P Truman Harrell; Brent Edward E Mancha; Silvia S Martins; Pia M Mauro; Julie H Kuo; Michael Scherer; Karen I Bolla; William W Latimer Journal: Am J Addict Date: 2014-03-15
Authors: Lianping Ti; Lindsey Richardson; Kora DeBeck; Paul Nguyen; Julio Montaner; Evan Wood; Thomas Kerr Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2014-05-17 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: M Eugenia Socías; Evan Wood; Will Small; Huiru Dong; Jean Shoveller; Thomas Kerr; Julio Montaner; M-J Milloy Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2016-09-20 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Lynn Wenger; Daniel Chu; Jennifer Lorvick; Brendan Quinn; James P Thing; Alex H Kral Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2015-02-19 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Ricky N Bluthenthal; Lynn Wenger; Daniel Chu; Brendan Quinn; James Thing; Alex H Kral Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2014-09-18 Impact factor: 4.492