Cortical development in brown capuchin monkeys: a structural MRI study.

Relative to other primates, Cebus monkeys display unusually fast postnatal brain growth and motor skill development. The neonatal capuchin brain, at approximately 29-34 g, is a smaller proportion of the adult brain weight (c. 50%) than is the brain of other primates except humans and great apes. Here we describe, from a cross-sectional sample, brain development in 29 brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance images, focusing on growth patterns in total brain volume, cortical gray and white matter volume, frontal lobe gray and white matter volume, and corpus callosum area. Non-linear age-related changes in total brain volume, cortical white matter volume and frontal white matter volume were detected from birth - 5 years. Sex differences in corpus callosum:brain ratio were also found, with males having a 10% smaller corpus callosum:brain ratio than females regardless of age. Female corpus callosum:brain ratio showed significant age-related related changes, whereas males did not display any significant changes across age. Sex differences were also found in cortical gray and frontal lobe gray matter volumes, with males having larger volumes than females. These findings support the conclusion that capuchins undergo rapid neurological change during the first few years of life.