Fluorescence quenching induced by conformational fluctuations in unsolvated polypeptides.

Time-resolved measurements were conducted to relate the fluorescence lifetimes of dye-derivatized polypeptides to local conformational dynamics in trapped, unsolvated peptide ions. This research was performed to better understand the intramolecular interactions leading to the observed increase of fluorescence quenching with temperature and, in particular, how this quenching is related to conformational fluctuations. Dye-derivatized polyproline ions, Dye-[Pro] n -Arg (+)-Trp, are formed by electrospray ionization and trapped in a variable-temperature quadrupole ion trap where they are exposed to a pulsed laser which excites fluorescence. Lifetime data exhibit fluorescence quenching as a result of an interaction between the dye and tryptophan (Trp) side chain. This result is consistent with solution measurements performed for comparison. The lifetime temperature dependence is closely fit over the range 150-463 K by an Arrhenius model of the ensemble averaged quenching rate, k q. Model fits of the measured lifetimes yield a frequency prefactor of approximately 10 (11) s (-1) for k q characteristic of collective motions of the side chains identified in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The data fits also yield activation barriers of approximately 0.3 eV, which are comparable to intramolecular electrostatic interactions calculated between the unshielded charge on the Arg residue and the dye. As a result, the quenching rate appears to be determined by the rate of conformational fluctuations and not by the rate of a specific quenching mechanism. The peptide sequence of Dye-Trp-[Pro] n -Arg (+) was also studied and identified a dependence of the quenching rate on the electrostatic field in the vicinity of the dye, Trp pair. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed over the range of experimental measurements to study trajectories relevant to the quenching interaction. The MD simulations indicate that as the temperature is increased, conformational fluctuations in the presence of strong electrostatic fields of the charged Arg (+) residue can result in both (a) an increased number of dye and Trp separations <8 A and (b) increased exothermicity for electron transfer reactions between the dye and Trp. Consequently, the MD simulations are consistent with increased fluorescence quenching with temperature resulting from the occurrence of conformers having specific positions of the dye, Trp, and Arg (+). As a result, the fluorescence lifetime provides a local probe of conformational fluctuations averaged over the ion ensemble.