Wuhan, China and Pittsburgh, USA: urban environmental health past, present, and future.

This article briefly reviews environmental history in the "Sister Cities" of Wuhan, China and Pittsburgh, USA. Specifically, it analyzes key changes in air, water, land, and sustainability in each of the two cities in terms of both "driving forces" and of the actions of key stakeholders (policymakers, educators, industry/business, nongovernmental organizations [NGOs], and the public). It concludes by discussing prospects for synergies between the two cities in continuing to improve environmental health, and the implications of these ideas for other cities in both the "developing" and the "developed" world.