Laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the gold standard for the surgical management of small and medium adrenal masses. Nevertheless, there is still controversy for the laparoscopic treatment of adrenal carcinoma. The aim of this article was to report current standards on LA. The data for this review were obtained by a PubMed search of the English and Spanish available literature. The search was conducted with the term ''laparoscopic adrenalectomy''. Information identified was reviewed and the reference list of the identified articles was searched for further manuscripts. Experience with the procedure and technical nuances coined by the senior authors is also reflected in the manuscript. Even when available evidence in the literature is low for LA, it has become the standard of treatment for adrenal masses especially in benign lesions. The accurate preoperatory work-up and imaging remain cornerstone elements in surgical therapeutical decisions. The most employed surgical technique for LA is the lateral transabdominal, but novel approaches have been developed to treat surgically adrenal diseases and an objective evaluation of outcomes is awaited. Laparoscopic treatment of adrenal primary malignancy and metastases is still controversial although clear indications for laparoscopy in these cases are bounded to surgical experience. LA has definitively replaced open surgery in the surgical management of adrenal tumors < or = 12 cm, because of its advantages in terms of morbidity and recovery. Large and malignant tumors should be carefully approached by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.