Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans from zebrafish in different ages.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a popular model organism for the study of developmental biology, disease mechanisms, and drug discovery. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), located on animal cell membranes and in the extracellular matrix, are important molecules in cellular communication during development, in normal physiology and pathophysiology. Vertebrates commonly contain a variety of GAGs including chondroitin/dermatan sulfates, heparin/heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and keratan sulfate. Zebrafish might represent an excellent experimental organism to study the biological roles of GAGs. A recent study showing the absence of heparan sulfate in adult zebrafish, suggested a more detailed evaluation of the GAGs present in this important model organism needed to be undertaken. This report aimed at examining the structural alterations of different GAGs at the molecular level at different developmental stages. GAGs were isolated and purified from zebrafish in different stages in development ranging from 0.5 days to adult. The content and disaccharide composition of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate were determined using chemical assays, liquid chromotography and mass spectrometry. The presence of HS in adult fish was also confirmed using (1)H-NMR.