Catastrophic graft-versus-host disease after lung transplantation proven by PCR-based chimerism analysis.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a rare complication after solid organ transplantation. We describe a 52-year-old female developing neutropenia and fever 48 days after single lung transplantation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bone marrow (BM) biopsy suggested drug-induced marrow failure, so immunosuppression was reduced. Five days later a maculopapular skin rash was observed, progressing to a generalized erythema with desquamation. Skin biopsy was suspectable for GvHD, so immunosuppression was re-initiated. PCR-based chimerism analysis of BM revealed 78% donor cells. Intensified immunosuppression resulted in temporary improvement, but BM aplasia recurred and the patient experienced severe GvHD of gut and liver. Despite extensive immunosuppression the patient died from multi-organ failure 99 days after transplantation. This report describes the occurrence of neutropenia as an early presenting sign of acute GvHD after lung transplantation. We therefore recommend incorporating GvHD in the differential diagnosis of neutropenia after solid organ transplantation, calling for early chimerism analyses.