Minimally invasive treatment of vesicoureteral reflux.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common problem in childhood, affecting approximately 1% to 2% of the pediatric population. Mild cases of VUR are likely to resolve spontaneously, but high-grade VUR may require surgical correction. Pediatric urologists are familiar with open antireflux operations, which can be accomplished with minimal operative morbidity. Minimally invasive endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques that now exist may serve to reduce morbidity further. This article reviews the endoscopic materials, techniques, and outcomes in the treatment of VUR in addition to the techniques and outcomes of laparoscopic and robotic ureteroneocystotomy.