Spatiotemporal dynamics of lipid signaling: protein kinase C as a paradigm.

The lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) controls the rate, amplitude, duration, and location of protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the cell. There are three classes of PKC isozymes and, of these, the conventional and novel isozymes are acutely controlled by DAG. The kinetics of DAG production at various intracellular membranes, the intrinsic affinity of specific isoforms for DAG-containing membranes, the coordinated use of additional membrane-binding modules, the intramolecular regulation of DAG sensitivity, and the competition from other DAG-responsive proteins together result in a unique, context-dependent activation signature for each isoform. This review focuses on the spatiotemporal dynamics of PKC activation and how it is controlled by lipid second messengers. (c) 2008 IUBMB.