Regeneration and transformation in adult plants of Campanula species.

Adult plants are known for recalcitrance when it comes to adventitious organ formation and regeneration. Methods used for regeneration in explants from seedlings of Campanula carpatica failed to work for explants from adult plants of the same species. The present investigation generated efficient regeneration methods for mature specimens of four species of Campanula, C. carpatica, C. haylodgensis, C. portenschlagiana and C. poscharskyana. Petiole explants from dark-grown in vitro shoot cultures grown from nodal cuttings of adult plants regenerated successfully (95%), while explants from light-grown in vitro shoot cultures and greenhouse-grown plants regenerated at 12% and zero percentage, respectively. Dark-treatment, along with media manipulation with plant growth regulators, further enhanced regenerative capacity of the explants. A MS-based medium containing 10mg l (-1) TDZ and 0.25 mg l(-1) NAA was the most efficient regeneration medium. Transgenic shoots from C. carpatica (3%) and C. haylodgensis (1%) and transgenic callus from all species were produced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and transformation was confirmed by histochemical and Southern blot analyses. Protocols developed in this study may be useful for achieving efficient regeneration and transformation of recalcitrant adult plants.