[Neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract dysfunction beyond spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. A challenge for urologists].

Neurogenic bladder subsequent to paraplegia serves as a paradigm when classifying the type of disorder analogous to the level of paralysis. In cases of multiple sclerosis micturition symptoms already present a manifold picture that changes in the clinical course. Rarer neurological disorders, on the other hand, such as infantile cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multisystem atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disorders, Guillain-Barré syndrome, AIDS, herpes zoster, systemic lupus erythematosus, and herniated lumbar disc, often cause uncertainty with regard to necessary diagnostic tests and treatment.This review considers the available knowledge about voiding disorders and urinary incontinence associated with specific neurologic and neuromuscular diseases and provides recommendations for diagnostic work-up and pragmatic therapy.