Optimizing pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap breast reconstruction.

With improved detection and genetic screening for breast cancer, increasing numbers of patients are choosing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Advances in breast reconstruction and mastectomy techniques over the last 25 years have increased expectations for breast reconstruction. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap in modern breast reconstruction.The pedicled TRAM flap is the most common method of autologous breast reconstruction. TRAM flap reconstruction involves the transfer of lower abdominal skin and subcutaneous fat based on the superior epigastric vessels. Common risk factors for complications from pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction include smoking, obesity, and postoperative radiotherapy. Patients with these risk factors are often candidates for a vascular delay procedure whose purpose is to enhance the blood flow within the TRAM flap.Despite advances in free flap breast reconstruction, pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction remains an excellent option for unilateral breast reconstructions. Unlike microsurgical breast reconstruction, the pedicled TRAM flap does not require sophisticated postoperative monitoring and can be performed efficiently in any hospital setting. Furthermore, with the addition of a vascular delay procedure, pedicled TRAM reconstructions can be safely performed even in traditionally "high risk" patients.