Differential expression of toll-like receptor genes: sepsis compared with sterile inflammation 1 day before sepsis diagnosis.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components of innate immunity. This study was designed to evaluate differential expression of genes for TLR and associated signal transduction molecules in critically ill patients developing sepsis compared with those with sterile inflammation. Uninfected critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome were prospectively followed daily for development of sepsis. They were divided into two groups and compared in a case-control manner: (a) preseptic patients (n = 45) who subsequently developed sepsis, and (b) uninfected systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients (n = 45) who remained uninfected. Whole blood RNA was collected (PAXGene tube) at study entry and 1, 2, and 3 days before clinical sepsis diagnosis (or time-matched uninfected control) and analyzed via Affymetrix Hg_U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. Genes were considered differentially expressed if they met univariate significance controlled for multiple comparisons at P < 0.005. Differentially expressed probes were uploaded into the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The TLR pathway (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes-KEGG) significance was determined via Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE) scoring. A total of 2,974 Affymetrix probes representing 2,190 unique genes were differentially expressed 1 day before sepsis diagnosis. Thirty-six probes representing 25 genes were annotated to the TLR pathway (KEGG) via the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery with an EASE score at P < 0.0004. Notable TLR genes demonstrating increased expression include TLR-4 (median, 1.43-fold change), TLR-5 (2.08-fold change), and MAPK14 (1.90-fold change). An additional 11 unique genes were manually annotated into the TLR pathway based on known relevance such as TLR-8 (1.54-fold change). The total 36 genes contained 28 showing increased expression and 8 showing decreased expression. Differential gene expression was noted for TLR receptors (eight genes), TLR intracellular signal transduction cascade molecules (27 genes), and TLR-related effector molecules (one gene). The TLR and downstream signaling genes are differentially expressed in critically ill patients developing sepsis compared with those with sterile inflammation. These expression differences occur before phenotypic-based diagnosis of clinical sepsis.