Antimigratory effect of TK1-2 is mediated in part by interfering with integrin alpha2beta1.

The recombinant two kringle domain of human tissue-type plasminogen activator (TK1-2) has been shown to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell growth despite of sharing a low amino acid sequence homology with angiostatin. Here, we explored a possible inhibitory mechanism of action of TK1-2 by focusing on antimigratory effect. TK1-2 effectively inhibited endothelial cell migration induced by basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor in a dose-dependent manner and tube formation on Matrigel. It blocked basic fibroblast growth factor-induced or vascular endothelial growth factor-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. Interestingly, TK1-2 alone induced the weak phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, whereas it inhibited focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation induced by growth factors. When immobilized, TK1-2 promoted adhesion and spreading of endothelial cells compared with bovine serum albumin. However, treatment with anti-alpha(2)beta(1) blocking antibody markedly diminished endothelial cell adhesion to immobilized TK1-2 compared with anti-alpha(v)beta(3) or anti-alpha(5)beta(1) antibody. Pretreatment of soluble TK1-2 also altered the binding level of anti-alpha(2)beta(1) antibody to endothelial cells in fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Indeed, a blocking antibody against integrin alpha(2)beta(1) or knocking down of integrin alpha(2) expression prevented the inhibitory effect of TK1-2 in cell migration. Therefore, these results suggest that TK1-2 inhibits endothelial cell migration through inhibition of signaling and cytoskeleton rearrangement in part by interfering with integrin alpha(2)beta(1).